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Market Rules and Procedures

Overview

Although risk management tools such as insurance and governance are excellent for resolving problems after they occur, farmers markets are in the best possible position when problems don’t happen in the first place. Here are a few examples of how market rules and procedures can prevent problems before they start:

  • Keep people safe by making sure all vendors adhere to specific safety standards.
  • Prevent disagreements by making clear how products may or may not be displayed.
  • Prevent vehicle accidents and ensure smooth set up and take down by creating efficient procedures.
  • Manage disagreements by outlining grievance procedures if issues develop.

Whether talking about safety risks, the risk of violating laws and regulations, or the risks inherent to managing relationships with vendors and site hosts, rules and procedures put the market in a strong legal position. For example, farmers markets that are proactive about creating a safe environment are less likely to be found negligent by a court. With safety procedures in place and evidence that those procedures are followed, the farmers market is in a better position to defend itself. Additionally, clear rules and procedures can show that the farmers market measures all vendors and circumstances against clear, defined benchmarks. This helps the market prove that decisions are made on a level playing field, should the market have to defend itself against a discrimination claim.

market sign: Please no dogs

Photo credit: Erin Buckwalter, NOFA-VT

The risk management benefits of rules and procedures extend beyond the chance of a lawsuit. When farmers markets can demonstrate their standards, they might qualify for better insurance rates. They may have more bargaining power with landlords, vendors, or site hosts. Farmers markets might be able to negotiate lower lease rates, attract higher quality vendors, and maintain good working relationships with hosts and partners.

One best practice market procedure is to institute an annual legal check-up at a specified time each year. In the check-up, the market leaders review business filings and insurance updates that need to be made, and they review agreements with their host site, as well as internal market documents and practices. For markets participating in SNAP, the annual check-up is also a good time to ensure compliance with the program. Here is a sample annual legal check-up for markets.

For an example of how one North Carolina farmers market developed its market rules, read the Durham Farmers Market case study.

What kind of risks do Market Rules and Procedures help manage?

Best Practices and Important Market-specific Rules and Procedures For Farmers Markets

Market Rules and Procedures Best Practices

Overall, three key best practices will help farmers market businesses and organizations develop strong rules and procedures: transparency, consistency, and discretion.

1) Transparency

Being transparent in advance about how vendor selection is made, when it is made, and how the results are communicated generally has a positive effect on relationships and on legal risk management. When people understand a process, they are more likely to accept the result. When the result is opaque, people become defensive, and defensiveness can be very hard to negotiate with. Even if everyone doesn’t agree on the criteria for a decision, knowing the criteria can prevent problems before they start.

2) Consistency

Consistency is essential if rules and procedures are to be effective as a legal risk management strategy. In some situations, a business or organization is worse off if it has detailed rules and procedures but doesn’t apply the rules consistently to all people than if it has no rules at all. If a business or organization can’t commit to consistently and regularly following a rule or procedure, perhaps that rule or procedure shouldn’t exist. Inconsistent enforcement is an open invitation to a discrimination lawsuit. If a rule or criterion is enforced for one person but not for another, people begin looking for reasons for that treatment, such as discrimination.

3) Discretion

Farmers markets also need to preserve their ability to make decisions without being forced through an overly rigid process that may not account for individual factors and circumstances. This is often called preserving discretion. Without taking away from the role of transparency and consistency in legal risk management, preserving discretion is just as important. In any list of criteria and in any application, farmers markets should include a statement that the decision is ultimately at the discretion of the farmers market owner, manager, team, board, or other decision-maker, as appropriate.

This doesn’t necessarily resolve the risk of disagreement (legal or otherwise), but it does remind applicants that the farmers market has the final say in any decision made. These statements do not have to be long or elaborate. This simple statement might work for most circumstances: “The farmers market retains the right to use its discretion in interpreting eligibility criteria and approving any vendor application.”

Safety checklists are good risk management

Farmers markets that are proactive about creating a safe environment and that avoid common risks of injury and damage are in a strong legal position. Good safety procedures and evidence that those procedures are followed help the farmers market defend against claims of negligence, should that become necessary.

Markets can create and use market-day safety checklists to achieve this risk management goal. These are lists that market personnel can follow during a routine, pre-market walk-through to confirm that specified market conditions are met.

For example, these checklists might prompt the user to ensure that:

  • signs and/or hazard cones clearly mark entrance and exit areas;
  • electrical cords are covered to prevent tripping;
  • hand-wash stations are set up, where required;
  • food is stored in appropriate locations; and
  • emergency access is not obstructed.

For a sample market day safety checklist, click here.

For peer examples of market-day safety checklists, click below:

Writing a safety checklist

Market-day safety checklists should be tailored to the market’s unique location, set up, circumstances, and safety concerns. That said, in developing a checklist template, consider including the following features:

  • Space for the market personnel conducting the walk-through to fill in his/her name, the date and time, and a check for each inspection item as it’s inspected (or otherwise indicate that a standard is satisfied/not satisfied).
  • For the convenience of the individual conducting the safety walk-through, organize the safety checklist in logical order with regard to market layout.
  • A column to one side of the list (and checkboxes) for notes or needed follow up regarding specific list items.
  • Space below the checklist for notes or needed follow up.

Drafting Market Rules

How do markets make the most of their market rules, particularly as risk management tools? What should market rules include? What format should they be in? For market leaders and attorneys interested in addressing these crucial questions, please read, download, and share the article below.

Jay A. Mitchell is a professor of law and director of the Organizations and Transaction Clinic (OTC) at Stanford Law School. The OTC represents established nonprofit corporations on governance, structural, contractual, and other matters. Notably, it has represented numerous farmers markets, including helping them develop and refine market rules. In the following article, Prof. Mitchell makes suggestions regarding market rules’ design and content. This guidance is meant for markets refining existing rules or drafting rules from scratch. The article was originally published in the Journal of Food Law & Policy at 13 J. Food Law & Pol'y 181 (2017). It appears here with permission of the Journal.

Market Rules Restricting Free Speech

Many farmers markets have questions about free speech at markets, and in particular, what types of restrictions market rules can place on activities such as protesting, leafleting, or political campaigning. Different activities which are considered “speech” can interfere with the operations of the market. Are farmers markets obligated to allow these types of activities as exercises of free speech under the First Amendment? See full resource on this topic here and for a recorded webinar on the topic click here.

There are some rules that all markets may write that place limitations on speech. Whether a market can make further restrictions depends in part on whether the market is publicly or privately operated. 

I. Rules All Markets Can Write Regarding Speech

There are some speech restrictions all markets may impose. They include rules that are content-neutral; rules that restrict speech to a reasonable time, place, and manner; and rules restricting only unprotected speech. It is also important that the market is careful to make rules as clear and specific as possible so that customers and vendors are notified in advance of what conduct is permissible at the market.

A. Content-Neutral Rules

Content-Neutral Rules

Market rules covering speech fall into two categories: content-neutral and content-based. Content-neutral means that whether the market rule prohibits a particular expression does not depend on the topic or content of that expression. For example, a rule that says, “no signs permitted” or “signs must be 24 x 36 inches” are content-neutral rules: whether you can display a sign, or the size of the sign, does not depend on the sign’s content. Content-based means that the market rule prohibits expression related to some topics while allowing others. For example, a rule that says, “the display of offensive signs is prohibited” is a content-based rule: whether you may display a sign depends on the subject matter it contains.

It is possible to have a content-based rule if the market can justify it with a compelling reason. This is a very high burden to meet and markets should aim for content-neutral rules controlling conduct that are applicable to all.

B. Rules that Limit Speech to a Reasonable Time, Place, and Manner 

Rules that Limit Speech to a Reasonable Time, Place, and Manner

Any market may limit speech to a reasonable time, place, and manner. When expression interferes with the routine activities of the market it is permissible to impose reasonable restrictions on the conduct, not the speech’s content. For example, a time restriction might be restricting speech while the market is setting up or closing down, when activities like leafleting might be most disruptive. A place restriction might include limiting speech to a designated area of the market or creating a buffer zone where speakers may not interfere with customers entering and exiting the market. A manner restriction could be restricting noise by prohibiting the use of megaphones. The question of whether a market rule like this is reasonable depends on (1) whether the rule can be justified without reference to the content of the speech and (2) whether there are alternative ways for the speaker to communicate their message.

For example, it is reasonable to prohibit campaigning or handing out flyers in walkways because those activities would interfere with the overall functioning of the market. This kind of rule is reasonable because its purpose is not to prohibit speech, but rather to keep walkways open for traffic. But it would not be reasonable to prohibit speech within the market and on the sidewalks or streets outside the market because that would be closing off alternative channels of communication. For specific guidance, a farmers market should consult a lawyer about what would constitute reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions for their market.

C. Rules Restricting Unprotected Speech

Rules Restricting Unprotected Speech

Markets may prohibit speech that falls into certain categories the First Amendment does not protect. Some of these categories are fighting words, true threats, advocacy of unlawful action, and obscenity. Fighting words are words that by the mere utterance would invoke an immediate breach of the peace. True threats are speech that is intended to intimidate a reasonable person into fear or apprehension of bodily harm or death. Advocacy of unlawful action is the direction to incite imminent lawless action in a situation where the listeners are likely to follow the direction of the speaker. Obscenity is speech that has no social, artistic, or political value. What is considered obscene can vary from community to community, but it is something more extreme than merely “offensive” speech.

Another category of speech unprotected by the First Amendment is the advertisement of illegal products or services, and misrepresentation. For example, the First Amendment does not protect the advertisements of illegal drugs or advertising organic products that are not actually organic. 

While a market may restrict unprotected speech, it must still have a compelling reason to justify the content-based limitation on speech.  Additionally, these unprotected categories are very narrow. A market should be careful not to assume the speech they are limiting will be considered unprotected. A farmer’s market manager should consult with a lawyer for further guidance as to whether certain speech may fall into an unprotected category.

Example: Can I prohibit campaigning or leafleting at my market?

Any market may limit pamphleting with reasonable time, place, and manner rules. A permissible rule could limit where and when a speaker can pass pamphlets out or campaign. For example, you may create a section of the market designated for this type of activity. You may also limit the time, such as allowing campaigning or the distribution of pamphlets to only occur during certain hours. But you may not entirely prohibit campaign speech or pamphleting because that would not be reasonable.

Generally, a privately-operated market may impose greater restrictions on campaign speech or leafleting. However, if you receive funding, assistance from the police, or use other municipal resources, you may be limited to the time, place, and manner restrictions outlined above. Each of these factors alone is likely not sufficient for a market to be considered connected to a municipality. For example, if you receive grant funding, that alone is likely not enough to be connected to a municipality. It is best to consult with a lawyer in your area to find out if there are factors that would be sufficient to qualify as entanglement (see below).

A helpful rule of thumb is that you may reasonably regulate the conduct, but generally not the subject matter or viewpoint of a speaker.

II. Rules that Vary for Public and Private Markets

The types of rules discussed above can be implemented by any market. Some markets may also write more restrictive rules regarding speech. In part, that depends on whether the market is publicly operated or privately operated. If a government entity runs the market, it is publicly operated. If a private business or organization runs the market, it is privately operated. If it is unclear which category your market falls under, you should follow the stricter set of requirements (those for publicly operated markets) to err on the side of caution.

A. Publicly Operated Markets

Publicly Operated Markets

Most farmers markets take place in areas that the law may categorize as a “traditional public forum”. Traditional public forums are areas that have traditionally been used for political speech, such as parks, streets, and sidewalks. Additionally, the property outside a courthouse is likely a traditional public forum. However, the inside of a courthouse, including its lobby, is not a traditional public forum. Moreover, whether a parking lot is a forum depends on the nature of the property. For example, the parking lot of a high school is not a traditional public forum.

In a traditional public forum, markets cannot make any additional restrictions on speech beyond those listed in Rules All Markets Can Write.

Some farmers markets may be held at a nonpublic forum. A nonpublic forum is public property that has historically not been designated as a place for political speech. For example, schools, jails, airports, and military bases are nonpublic forums. Some factors to consider in determining whether a space is a nonpublic forum are whether it is a place for free expression, whether free speech interferes with what the location is used for, and whether free speech is the purpose of the location.

Markets in nonpublic forums have broader discretion in their regulation of speech. Unlike traditional public forums, nonpublic forums may have content-based rules but not viewpoint- based rules. Viewpoint-based rules allow expression about a particular topic, but prohibit expressing a particular view on that topic. For example, a viewpoint-based rule might say it is permissible to speak positively but not negatively about an elected official. These viewpoint distinctions are not permissible in a nonpublic forum.

It is not always easy to determine what type of forum a particular market may be considered as. For example, many farmers markets are held in parking lots. A parking lot may be considered a traditional public forum because it is open to the public like a street or sidewalk. On the other hand, parking lots may be considered nonpublic forums because parking lots are not historically a place for free speech; allowing free speech could greatly interfere with the parking lot’s functioning; and free speech is not the primary purpose of the parking lot. Unlike most sidewalks or streets, a parking lot may be associated with a stand-alone store or set apart from known public areas with physical barriers or signs. For example, a parking lot could be set apart by landscaping, paving, or signs designating the space as a separate area for specific uses. Those may be reasons to consider it a nonpublic forum.

It is not clear whether a parking lot would be considered a traditional public forum or a nonpublic forum under the law. A farmers market manager should consult a lawyer for further guidance on whether their setting may be a traditional public forum or a nonpublic forum.

B. Privately Operated Markets

Privately Operated Markets

Generally, the First Amendment does not apply to private entities. This means that if a market is privately operated it may write any rules to restrict speech. However, there are two exceptions where the Constitution does apply to private entities: when the private entity is entangled with a government entity, and when the private entity is performing a public function. If a private market is “entangled” or serving a “public function” it may be limited to the content-neutral and reasonable time, place, and manner rules that all markets can implement. Additionally, state law may impose some obligations on private markets.

What does it mean to be “entangled”?

A privately-operated market may have to honor the right to free speech if it becomes “entangled” with a government entity. Entanglement may be found when the government affirmatively authorizes, encourages, or facilitates privately-operated market activities. For example, some private markets are located on government property, or receive government subsidies, or are licensed by the government. Those ties may be close enough to consider the private market entangled with a government entity. Each of these practices alone is probably not enough to consider a market entangled, but they are factors to consider in determining whether entanglement exists. For example, receiving government grants by itself is likely not enough to show entanglement. If the government was giving the grant with the intent to control or influence the independent authority of the private market then it may be closer to entanglement. A market may try to avoid entanglement with the following practices:

  •       Use only market volunteers or staff, not local police, to enforce internal speech restrictions (but having police officers present to enforce municipal laws is okay)
  •       Take sole responsibility for organizing, planning, and managing the market
  •       Operate with market funds, not municipal funds
  •       Reimburse the municipality for services (such as waste management)

Following these practices does not guarantee that a private market would not be considered entangled with a government entity. Whether factors may result in entanglement is determined on a case-by-case basis. Consult a lawyer for further guidance on whether your private market’s circumstances may lead to entanglement.

When is a Market Serving a Public Function?

A privately-operated market may have to follow the rules for government-operated markets if it serves a “public function.” Serving a “public function” means a private entity is performing a task that is traditionally governmental in nature. For example, town squares, business districts, and parks are traditionally seen as governmental in nature because the space is open to the public and is serving the community. While the Supreme Court has said that town squares, parks, and business districts serve “public functions,” shopping centers do not. This gives privately owned shopping centers the right to ask speakers to leave. Whether a privately-operated farmers market is more like a town square (serving a public function) or a shopping center (not serving a public function) can be very unclear.

One factor to consider is whether the market invites the public generally or invites them specifically to shop. A general invitation may include shopping and speaking or exchanging ideas, and makes it more likely that the market would be serving a public function. If the farmers market is open to the public generally, it is more like a town square. A specific invitation to the public only includes shopping for products being sold. If the market invites the public only to shop, the market is closer to being a shopping mall. It is best to consult with a lawyer as to whether the characteristics of your farmers market would be considered as more like a town square or a shopping center.

Under federal law privately owned shopping centers do not have to honor free speech rights. However, some state constitutions recognize a right for the public to use shopping centers for free speech purposes. A privately-operated market should consult with a lawyer for further guidance on what legal requirements their state constitution may impose on private markets.

Vendor Eligibility and Applications

  • Vendor Eligibility

    Prevent or minimize conflicts with clear eligibility criteria.

  • Vendor Applications

    A legally resilient vendor application will collect the information necessary to assess the applicant according to vendor eligibility criteria.

Vendor Eligibility

When a farmers market is clear about the eligibility criteria it utilizes, it’s in a better position to defend decisions made on that basis. Further, when the application materials reflect the eligibility criteria (no more, no less), the market’s position is even stronger. In addition, solid criteria and a concise application help prospective vendors anticipate whether a market is a good fit for them. This helps save time for applicants and vendors, as ineligible applicants are less likely to apply.

Farmers markets might consider drafting a mission or vision statement to inform vendor eligibility criteria and applications. Although mission statements won’t necessarily have a legal role in the event of a lawsuit, they can create transparency for market managers, as well as help determine what the eligibility criteria should be. Mission or vision statements can also make it easier for market leaders to explain the reasons for adopting eligibility criteria to vendors and others.

The following examples indicate how various farmers markets have achieved the goal of clear vendor eligibility criteria. The following section with examples of vendor applications show, further, how eligibility criteria can be integrated into the whole application package.

Peer examples of vendor eligibility criteria

Below are three vendor eligibility clauses that differ in style and focus.

Example 1: Seattle Neighborhood Farmers Market (Seattle, Washington)

This example is useful because it lays out five categories of products that vendors may sell at the market. Each category is defined and has distinct requirements that vendors must follow. Including definitions is especially useful because it isn’t always clear whether a product such as dried fruit is a raw product or a value-added product, for example.

Click here to view this example.

To visit the Seattle Neighborhood Farmers Markets website, click here.

Example 2: Salmon Creek Farmers’ Market (Vancouver, Washington)

Rather than focusing on the types of products a vendor sells, this market selects vendors based on intangible factors such as quality and customer service history. These selection criteria are made more specific by a clear ranking. The handbook makes clear that quality is the most important factor with location second. It also indicates that although incubating businesses is important to the market, its own viability comes first. These priority statements will help a potential vendor assess his or her qualifications and enable the market management to explain approvals or denials to vendors.

Click here to view this example.

To visit Salmon Creek Farmer's Market website, click here.

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Vendor Applications

A legally resilient vendor application will collect the information necessary to assess the applicant according to vendor eligibility criteria. That being said, a vendor application can also create efficiency and improve communication by including a few other elements, which are discussed in more detail below:

  1. Vendor selection criteria
  2. Vendor rules
  3. Statement about vendor selection appeals processes
  4. Additional information about fees or other required supplemental materials.

Including the vendor selection criteria right in the application can be helpful as a reminder to applicants. It helps applicants understand how to best present their business for success, as well. Including market rules and select questions relevant to those rules is also helpful. Screening out vendor applicants who cannot follow the market’s rules may help avoid disappointment if the rules are introduced at a later point. In addition, farmers markets might consider including a full list of all market rules as part of the application packet. Many markets will choose to ask for a vendor’s commitment to abide by the rules at the time the application is taken, rather than after the vendor is admitted. Neither approach is necessarily more legally sound—the choice depends on the market’s preferences.

To create the maximum in transparency and efficiency, many markets may choose to describe the appeals process in the event that an applicant disagrees with a vendor selection decision. Although it may seem like more information than is really necessary, transparency is generally in the farmers market’s interest. Letting potential vendors know an appeals process exists can help them feel more respected and heard at the outset.

Farmers market vendor applications often require a fee. Legally speaking, the application should clearly state whether the fee is refundable, refund procedures (if relevant), and acceptable forms of payment.

Some markets may wish to collect additional information such as gross sales, number of employees retained, acres of farmland utilized, etc. This additional information can help the market better understand its vendors, compete for grants, boost its nonprofit status, and explain the market’s importance to the community. Legally speaking, if this information isn’t directly related to a criterion for admission, it may not be appropriate for a vendor application. Market leadership can still collect information through a survey, but the survey should come after all vendors are admitted, based on eligibility criteria only.

There are a variety of vendor applications that require different types of information. An application packet might contain a form to collect potential vendor information and an outline of the admissions procedures. Ideally, the packet creates a consistent process by which to assess each potential vendor. An application packet might request information such as:

  • the vendor’s contact and location information;
  • products sold; and
  • other markets and sales outlets utilized.

Peer Example of a Vendor Application

Example 1: Burlington Farmers Market (Burlington, Vermont)

This application is a shining example of a strong application. It starts by listing the vendor eligibility criteria and rules. Then, for every application question, it directly offers the rule or criterion that is the basis for the question. This helps vendors assess their potential for success while protecting the market from claims of discrimination. The application also clearly states the market’s appeals process and fee obligations.

Click here to view this example.

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Vendor Rules

Rules for market vendors often clarify expectations and allowed or disallowed actions. For example, vendor rules can set out:

  • insurance recommendations or requirements;
  • recommended or required tables, tents, supports, and other set-up considerations;
  • prohibited or encouraged vendor marketing and communication tactics;
  • products and items allowed or disallowed for sale;
  • discipline and termination processes if a rule is violated; and
  • safety and emergency procedures.

Learn more about  the importance of Vendor Rules in our case study on the Durham Farmers Market. To view an example of Durham's Market (and vendor) Rules click here.

In addition to writing vendor rules and agreements, markets should ensure that rules and expectations are communicated to vendors on a regular basis. Here is a sample annual market-vendor communication checklist to get you started.

Indemnification Agreements

Farmers markets may consider requiring vendors to indemnify the farmers market. If a vendor indemnifies the farmers market, the vendor agrees to pay the farmers market back for any damage the vendor causes for the farmers market. A simple indemnification agreement is not hard to write, but it can be difficult to understand exactly what it does and does not do for both parties. Farmers markets should work with an attorney to write such a clause. Many farmers markets use standard “hold harmless,” “indemnification,” or “waiver of liability” agreements. These agreements may not be enforceable in court or may be very limited in their application. Again, farmers markets should work with an attorney who can examine exactly what the market does, who vends at the market, and which risks may be waived or indemnified in the state where the farmers market operates. This is the only way to create a vendor agreement that will be enforceable in court in waiving any of the obligations a farmers market owes to vendors, customers, landowners, or others.

For more information about vendor agreements and records showing vendor compliance, visit the Recordkeeping section here.

Dispute Resolution Processes

Vendor-Vendor Dispute Resolution

By and large, when vendors run into problems with each other, it’s because one vendor feels another is not complying with the farmers market’s rules. For example:

  • One vendor questions whether another vendor’s product is grown in a manner or location required by the market.
  • One vendor asserts that another vendor’s sales, marketing, or communication tactics violate market rules for acceptable conduct.
  • One vendor is upset at another vendor’s display, vehicle, or other space-related concerns.

Managing these vendor disputes is primarily a matter of creating a system to verify if a vendor is in fact complying with the rule. For convenience’s sake, this is often called a dispute resolution process. In the occasional case where a vendor is upset with another vendor and there is no rule defining the appropriate course of action, a dispute resolution process can be adapted to address the questionable behavior.

Example dispute resolution process

There are many ways in which to orchestrate a dispute resolution process for conflicts between vendors. That said, many markets’ dispute resolution processes consist of these general steps:

  • submission of a written complaint;
  • evaluation of the complaint and action steps proposed;
  • an opportunity for a vendor to appeal an outcome;
  • transparency of this overall dispute resolution process, and the opportunity for vendors to participate in improving it.

Submission of a written complaint

The market may permit vendors to initiate the dispute resolution process by submitting a written complaint/concern about another vendor. Many markets have a different form depending on whether the complaint is about product sourcing or about another rule. If one particular type of complaint is most common, it can be helpful to create a specific form for the particulars of that issue.

To initiate a quick resolution, many farmers markets will choose to set a time limit on when a complaint may be submitted after the incident occurs or behavior begins. Naturally, the complaint form generally asks vendors to submit specific facts to support the complaint/concern. It can be very helpful to also ask vendors to cite a specific market rule or criterion. This can help the farmers market identify whether a vendor simply doesn’t like the behavior, or whether a rule is in question. Lastly, some markets request a filing fee that is later returned if the product challenge is verified. This can help ensure that complaints are made in good faith.

Explore these sample forms for complaints and concerns from the Portland Farmers Market in Oregon.

Evaluation of the complaint and action steps proposed

Of course, if a market has a process for accepting complaints, it needs a process for evaluating complaints! Generally, this is as simple as the manager inquiring with the vendor who is the subject of the complaint. Depending on the rule being violated, the manager may request specific documentation. For example, if the source of a product is being challenged, the dispute resolution procedure may require that the vendor in question submit photo evidence of the source of the product (a field where grown, a shop where created, etc). Or, the market manager may investigate the vendor in question about the behavior at the next market (for example, examining where the vendor parks or measuring the size of a display, as the case may be). The evaluation process may describe specific action steps that the market manager will request. For example, if a product’s source cannot be proven/disproven, then the vendor will be allowed to sell it. Or, if the vendor is parking in the wrong place or violating display rules, the vendor may be requested to change it immediately or at the next market event, depending. Generally, dispute resolution processes give wide discretion to the market manager to evaluate a complaint and create action steps to resolve it.

Process for appealing the complaint/concern

A vendor might be dissatisfied with the outcome of a market decision. To provide the vendor further (non-litigation) options for addressing their dissatisfaction with the outcome, a market may provide an opportunity for the vendor to appeal a market decision. Markets providing this opportunity will usually set a strict time limit on how long the accused vendor has to appeal and will require the appeal to be in writing. Where possible, the appeals process is most useful if the business or organization can provide a neutral third party (such as a professional mediator) to hear the appeal and render a decision. Generally, the mediator (or other third party) follows the same evaluation process as the market manager, which may give the third party wide discretion as well.

Maintaining transparency and improving processes

A market may consider encouraging suggestions from vendors to improve the dispute resolution process at the conclusion of any process. By encouraging vendors to air final complaints or thoughts, the market may diffuse any remaining tension. This can go a long way in achieving final resolution, no matter the actual outcome.

Peer Example of Vendor-Vendor Dispute Resolution Process

Downtown Walla Walla Farmers Market (Walla Walla, Washington)

Here, the market sets out effective protocols for grievances and product challenges by providing a standard form for both processes. The protocols are clearly divided into two distinct sections with numbered, step-by-step instructions.

Click here to view this example and scroll to the bottom section "Protocols for Vendor Grievances and Product Challenges."

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Market-Vendor Dispute Resolution

Occasionally, vendors may have problems with the market decision maker. For example:

  • A vendor may claim that the market unfairly removed or ejected the vendor.
  • A vendor may feel the market is enforcing rules inconsistently or only against specific vendors.
  • A vendor may not like a stall assignment.

The first and most important way to handle these issues is to prevent them. Clear rules and procedures alongside clear processes for determining vendor compliance with rules can prevent complaints about stall assignments or ejection of a vendor, for example. But, where the complaint is about the manager’s interpretation or consistency enforcing the rules, clear rules and procedures won’t necessarily help. When vendors have a grievance with the decision maker, they will generally want a third party to review the grievance. Although many nonprofits have boards that can serve this role, farmers markets that are private businesses do not. Private businesses may be reticent to pay for or provide a third party to hear a complaint about the way they are running their own business. Yet, it can be a wise choice to foster long-term positive relationships with vendors.

Model dispute resolution process

Farmers markets should consider the following elements of a dispute resolution process involving a decision made by the market decision maker.

  • Emphasizing the market’s discretionary power. The market should affirm its ability to take appropriate action when a vendor violates the market rules or fails to comply with other policies. A discretionary statement gives the market flexibility to address vendor issues in the light most favorable for the whole market.
  • Delegate resolution to a third party. A third party might be a nonprofit board of directors, the executive director of a farmers market advocacy organization, or a selected team of stakeholders. Where markets put a team together, they generally allow each person (the decision maker and the aggrieved vender, in this case) to appoint one team member and then those two team members appoint a third. Then, the panel of three hears the complaint. Generally, the resolution process follows the same procedure as does the original complaint. The new third-party reviews the facts and the decision originally made, and then proposes an action plan to resolve it. The action plan may stick with the market decision maker’s original conclusion or may modify it.

Peer example of market-vendor dispute resolution process

Ann Arbor Farmers Market (Ann Arbor, Michigan)

Selection from City of Ann Arbor Public Market Operating Rules (pg. 8):

  1. Appeal Procedure
    A vendor, vendor applicant, or market customer aggrieved by a decision of the Market Manager interpreting or enforcing the Market Rules may appeal to the Community Services Administrator or his/her designee using the following procedure:

    1. The aggrieved party shall submit in writing to the Community Services Administrator or his/her designee a written description of the decision of the Market Manager being appealed and the facts and circumstances resulting in the Market Manager’s decision.
    2. The appeal must be filed with the Community Services Administrator or his/her designee within 14 days of the date of the Market Manager’s decision.
    3. The Community Services Administrator or his/her designee shall review the information submitted and shall provide a written decision within 45 days.
    4. The decision of the Community Services Administrator or his/her designee shall be final.
    5. During appeals, vendors may continue to sell at the Market at the discretion of the Market Manager.
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Applicable Risks

The following risks can be addressed by using Market Rules and Procedures as a risk management tool:

Vendor Relationships Relationship to Host Site Employment/Labor Law Compliance Americans with Disabilities Act Compliance Injuries to People & Damage to Property Food-Related Illnesses
Farmers Market Legal Toolkit